verbatim reprint an article Boris Dvernitskogo "Russian in Russian philosophy."
vibrant and at the same time metaphysical understanding of our spiritual nature ...
thoughts are very accurate.
Singularities Russian philosophy ...
1. The main object of philosophy - a man of theology - God, science - the universe, space and nature. This is a three-tiered nature of cognitive thought: the spiritual theology, perfectly sincere in philosophy, the carnal (the Earth) in science. Although they are linked closely enough, but to develop their autonomous laws. (As an analogy for different laws for ice, liquid water and vapor single agent). Moreover, in theology, the basis is the Divine Revelation in the philosophy of mind as one of the fundamental rights of substances in science empiricism (observation and experimentation). Of course, the idea is present at all levels, but in philosophy it is the main driving force of knowledge.
last vertex of philosophy - a philosophical anthropology, it can still be called humanism in the highest sense of the word or the metaphysics of man, in which a person is apprehended in its entirety and completeness. The problem the person is already the first philosophers of India, China, Ancient Greece. And in later times there was not a philosophical school, which did not rise to the question of a man and a tendency to justify all the knowledge and the whole world on the basis of a person and the conviction that without an anthropological study all the projects and patterns the world will inevitably lose their inner meaning. Hence the appearance in the XX century, philosophical anthropology, applying for it to be not a narrow discipline within the philosophy, and a new basic science of man.
significance of a philosophical school (German, French, Russian) is determined by the ability go his own way to the top, why can not any, even the most advanced way to consider only one for all and to measure its criteria approaches, methods, all other aspirations of thought. The closer to the top, the greater the understanding between the schools at the top will be forgotten all the contradictions disappear misunderstanding each other and indicating the ideal man, but not in its abstract-universal form, and in the national originality and expressiveness.
2. Thus, the main subject philosophy - people, not the world, nature, the universe and man as something whole. All of the above - the subject of science. Another thing is that a scientist must think correctly about the man and through the prism of a human to look at everything else. And if he is not fully understood man, and his thoughts about the world will be limited. In other words, more primary philosophy of science, but it's a different story.
No man at all, and there are Russian, German, French, etc., as there is no one language for all non-national languages. And because the main subject of Russian philosophy is a Russian man. The same can be said about literature and art.
Russian in Russian philosophy, thus there is a Russian man in his characteristic, ie in its isolation, exclusivity, etc. This is not to say that the Russian people have a special "kind" of man in general, and besides him there are other types of people - Germans, French, etc. Correct to assume that there is a Russian, German, French way of implementing the "ideal" human, "the second Adam, not man in general, namely the" second Adam "or" heavenly man ". As ap.Pavel wrote: "The first man of the earth, earthy: the second man - the Lord from heaven. As is the earthy, such are earthy: and as is the heavenly, such are the heavenly. And how we have borne the image of the earthy, we shall also bear the image of the heavenly "(1 Cor. 15: 47-48). "My children, of whom I travail in birth again. Until Christ is formed in you "(Gal. 4: 19).
desire to make man the main subject of philosophical reflection defining feature of Russian philosophy. Note, not only in philosophy. Fyodor Dostoevsky In a letter to his brother Michael wrote: "Man is a mystery. It must solve, and if you will solve all my life, do not say that the lost time, I'm doing this secret, because I want to be a man. "
For Russian philosopher - a man not only part of a larger whole: humanity, nation, tribe, clan, state, society, community, caste, class, is not it just "to know a form of matter" or "end-product of the evolution of the living." Man is the kind of entity, such God consist essentially of a full life. Hence, characteristic of Russian philosophy desire to see a person as a whole, or even as a similar God, being endowed by the Creator of creative force. This is particularly evident in Berdyaev, but is present in other Russian thinkers. Strakhov wrote: "Man - a unit of the universe, its greatest mystery, but finding out it." PL Lavrov argued that only the whole person in the whole phenomenon of his life - true object philosophy. "Philosophizing - is to develop a good human being, as a slender creature." In NK Mikhailovsky read: "Let those who want looks to me like a part of something standing over me ... but I never cease to see themselves as fully human, a whole person, I want to live my life available to me - and that there will come knowingly and voluntarily, where I was guaranteed value, indivisibility, the completeness of the whole person. " "The philosopher is not one that tells mankind any unexpected wonders, but the one who opened to him the same man "(1, s.336).
Hence the desire to find some innate properties, quality, correct Substance man, the eternal and immutable in all ages anthropological laws that can be compared with the dogma of God in theology and natural law (Matter) in science. Hence the problem solved by Russian philosophy.
first task. To see and formulate the "dogmas" about human rights or fundamental (metaphysical) the truth about him.
second task. Put them together in a natural, and then in the metaphysical system of man.
third task, which merges with religion. Recreate a whole man (we later will not be considered). This was formulated already IVKireevsky: "The main character of the believer is thinking in an effort to gather all the separate powers of the soul into a single force, to find an inner center of being, where mind and will and feeling, and conscience, beautiful and true, surprising and desirable, just and merciful, and the entire volume of the mind merge into a single living unity, and thus restored a significant personality in its pristine indivisibility "(2, s.275). It looks like Samarin: "Creating a solid image of the moral man is our problem" (3, p. 137). Khomiakov solves this the problem is almost entirely: "Everyone is in the church itself, but is not itself in powerlessness of his spiritual solitude, and the force of spiritual unity with brothers, with the Savior. He finds it himself in his perfection, or more precisely - is in it what is perfectly within it "(4, p.111-112). And "that's what he said about the integrity of Patriarch Cyril in an interview on "Russia in February 2010:" The sanctity - is the integrity of the person. This is primarily an inner strength. He is self-sufficient, and, very importantly, this person has an inner vision. Righteous considers himself a sinner, so he has the courage and inner vision to see its a lie. A sinful man can not see anything - only his own self, and always in pink light. One of the realist, the other a dreamer. One person holistic and strong, the other internally very weak. The integrity of God gives grace, that we in the Church drew, combined of course with human effort. "
3. In the way of solving the main problem of Russian philosophy to overcome two of temptation. First - to liberate man from a purely subordinate "bigger things - State, nation, social institutions, ideas and ideologies, laws, history and economics, in which a person is secondary, since then his behavior, actions, mental and spiritual world - directly or indirectly determined by the level of social, economic, historical reality "(5, p.159). The second temptation - to go on the road other philosophical schools. For if the Russian philosophy major subject of philosophical thought was a man, then the other - things, life, existence, substance and other categories of the mind. In this case, the philosophers of existence, life, etc. usually have a doctrine of man, but that's about the person. They look at the world not through the rights and this is their fundamental difference from the Russian thinkers.
4. And now look at how these problems have been solved by various Russian thinkers.
In the works KN Leont'ev, I found the idea of \u200b\u200ban innate inequality of individuals or metaphysical truth about the horizontal hierarchy of people. Here's how I wrote about this in his article "Hierarchy - The eternal law of human life "(6, s.424-427).
«formulate the main, dominant, rod idea Leontiev, the axiom, from which it came, and which determined his approach to many issues, it, if I may say so, the basic metaphysical intuitions about the horizontal hierarchy of human being.
in all areas of human activity and creativity, there are three basics of life. According to them, are present three stages or forms of life and human activities, providing the most complete manifestation embodied in a person's abilities.
three foundations of life, as a parallel ways to God, have within themselves the natural hierarchy of forming a single structural unit, or a horizontal hierarchy of the Church and human society as a whole.
between the three pillars of existence there is no inherent antagonism, in contrast, are in tribasic unity, a person can exercise full communion with the spiritual and perfect in all areas of life and creativity.
Tribasic and human society - a pledge of inexhaustible and the blossoming diversity of human life and creativity. Artificial non-horizontal hierarchy primitiviziruet life and brings in an element inevitable enmity and hatred towards others, not like us.
Tribasic in the sacral area of \u200b\u200blife - these are three degrees of initiation - a true (baptism), a priest and Bishop. "If we are slaves - wrote sv.Grigory Theologian - Fear beating, and if a mercenary, one bear in mind: a reward, if you stand above a servant and a mercenary, even the son of you ashamed of God as Father, to do good because well to obey the Father. Although nothing had hoped to get you to please the Father in itself worthwhile. " In his respect for Jesus Christ Christian, too, are divided into three groups: the servants (the servants), friends and brothers. "I no longer call you servants, because a servant does not know what makes a gentleman him "(John 15: 15). "Jesus said to her: ... go to my brethren and say to them: ascending to my Father and your Father, to my God and your God "(John 20: 17). "Whoever does the will of the Father My heaven, then my brother and sister and mother "(Matt. 12: 50).
In art and literature of the first base - it's journalists, actors, singers and performers in general, the second - Editors, directors, conductors, choreographers, and the third - poets, novelists, playwrights, Sculpture. "
More tribasic in all spheres of human life I have reviewed the book "Six Days of Man" (St. Petersburg, 2008, p.54-72).
LM Lopatin in the book "The axioms of philosophy, wrote about the birth and eternal axioms of reason. Among them he included "Common and obligatory truth in that sense of the word, that they, in spite of any doubts and disputes, maintain their internal credibility for every mind, and have over them a practical power that even those who doubted them, constantly, and unconsciously uses them as a immutable criteria all of its judgments. " Further, he writes: "The proof of the necessity of these truths to our minds is precisely the impossibility to them serious and held until the end of doubt. Such truth, because of their direct persuasive, I called the axioms of philosophy. " Axioms of reason Lopatin said: "The principle of (every thing is what it is and not something else), the law of causality (every action has a cause and every cause is found in action), the principle of substantiality (in any action, phenomenon, and state that any action is and feels the state), the principle of objectivity our thoughts (that is absolutely necessary to think of some object in view of its data properties and relationships, in fact, belongs to him) "(7, s.316). AND In summary, he states: "The actual renunciation of the axioms of reason would be complete self-destruction of the mind: a denial in fact impossible, while we argue and think "(7, s.317). Significantly both his statement: "The axiom of philosophy do not represent something completely fragmented - on the contrary, they are closely linked and involve each other. And yet, each has its own special content and is recognized conviction as such. This is convincing to most minds is quite directly, as it were instinctively "(7, s.322).
But the characteristic quotes from the book of Berdyaev. "The problem of man - is the main problem of philosophy. Even the Greeks understood that a person can begin to philosophize with only knowledge itself (7, p.54). "The problem of man can not be substituted for the problem of the soul, the psychological consciousness, nor challenge the spirit, nor the problems of ideal values, the idea of \u200b\u200bgoodness, truth, beauty, etc. Man is not a subject of epistemology is not the soul of psychology, not a soul Pneumatology, is not an ideal value of ethics, logic, and aesthetics. In man, intersect all the circles of life ... Philosophy must be deliberately and not naive anthropological ... Understand a person can only be his relationship to God. It is impossible to understand a person from that below it "(8, p.55). "Man is a creature created by God, man is a creature fallen away from God and Man is a creature who receives grace from God "(8, p.56). "Anthropology of the Christian should be displayed as a doctrine of man-creator that bears the image and likeness Creator of the world "(8, p.58).
5. Human orientation of Russian philosophy and confirms it works out anthropological evidence of the existence of God. VI Nesmelov wrote: "The idea of \u200b\u200bthe existence of God as the Supreme Lawgiver and Judge is not created by man in the thinking of the various phenomena of consciousness and life does not form the man out of some non-existent experience extrasensory experience, and indeed is given to man, but it is not given to him from somewhere sovne as a thought of God, and the subject-in fact, carried out in it the nature of his personality as a living image of God. If the human personality was not perfect with respect to the real conditions of its own existence as a person and could not have any idea of \u200b\u200bGod and the revelation would never could inform him of this idea, because he was unable to understand it. And if people are not aware of the ideal nature of his personality, then he might not have any consciousness about the real existence of the Godhead, and no supernatural force would never could put it this consciousness, because the human mind he could perceive only the reality of the world of sense and reality itself, as the physical part of the world. But the human person in the real existence and is ideal for nature and the very fact of their real ideal, it directly states the objective existence of God as the true identity " (9, pp. 256-257). And further: "The image of God in man does not arise under the form of some phenomenon of consciousness, and seems samoyu the human person in the whole volume its natural content, so that this content directly reveals the true nature of God as He exists in Himself "(8, p. 270). Of interest score Labour VI Nesmelova Met. Anthony (Khrapovitsky). He wrote: "The Book VI Nesmelova represents a whole philosophical doctrine of the author, his deeply experienced, fundamental philosophical idea, branched into a coherent system of Christian metaphysics - Christian is not in the sense of artificially adjusted to our system philosophical tenets of apology, but in the sense of completely free, from the very nature of the case a match is found philosophical constructions of the author to the truth of Revelation "(10, pp. 6, 8).
, but in our time, Archbishop Constantine (Goryana) writes: "The anthropological study of religion, expressed in terms of phenomena religious experience of deep and vital needs of humanity, open to an apology for Christianity, a lot of new opportunities "(11, s.308).
6. About the new threats integrity (person - in - a whole) wrote SS Horuzhy. "At all times, sought for man is the fullness of his self, a perfect update his identity. Unlike the new current situation is that the main indicator, the criterion for completeness of Man began to act as such Ultimacy - So that the desired one, is saturating every experience that writes to the anthropological border "(12, pp. 392-393). Indeed, much in an era of near-anthropological boundary requires a completely new answer. For example. What is human cloning, which sooner or later, but it will happen? Based on my understanding of human Cloned people would be mediocre. For all the talent from God, and therefore they can not replace these people (except for experiments with new drugs drugs). We also note the following. Philosopher, which promotes transcendental as the norm, or even the ideal of modern life goes against the mainstream of Russian thought. Affirm the dominant of our lives, and even catastrophic apocalyptic (Sekackii) is to be crushed and humiliated in it. And in our life still more good, beauty, truth, love, than evil, ugliness, lies, hate. Capitulate to the latter, it means change of philosophy, his human dignity.
7. Wholeness is responsible Substance logo rights, but on a perfectly-soul level of his being. Because the logo of a person consists of three principles: essential, life and personality (13, p.10), then the integrity of the triune man, and it can be described as:
- something that we think, imagine, imagines (Our "I»);
- something that we believe, hope and love ("the hidden man of the heart, 1 Peter. 3: 4);
- the fact that we communicate with the hypostasis of the Holy Trinity and persons other people (our personality).
In conclusion, we are of Russian philosophy, which will help us meet the challenges of the XXI century.
1. Man is not only the greatest mystery of all existing, but also the key to solving all questioning the knowing mind.
2. Man as the image and likeness of the Creator is the essence of creative and so he created free and responsible for implementing the talents given to him by God.
3. In man, all the circles intersect. In man there is not only the soul and body, not only the spirit and flesh. But man this is a thinking, sacred, mystical, social, artistic, aesthetic, charismatic. At the same time these "parts" are equal to each other, do not depend on each other and make autonomous part of the whole person.
4. Man is not part of any system and the system itself.
5. Looking through the prism of a man of peace - a characteristic feature of Russian philosophy.
6. Man is a creature created by God, man is the essence of which have fallen away from God, and man is a creature who receives grace from God.
7. Overcome the slavery of the natural, social, state, caste and class You can only church where everyone finds "himself in the power of spiritual unity with the brothers, with the Savior, finds that there is absolutely in himself. "
8. Wholeness or completeness of the Russian people are the church, is the realization of the "heavenly man", "second Adam", which is potentially we carry in ourselves and actualize that for us the Son of Man and Son of God Jesus Christ.
Literature:
1. NK Mikhailovsky. Compositions. SPb., 1909, t.III.
2. IV Kireyevsk. Cit. Volume 1. M., 1911.
3. Samarin. Compositions. Volume 1.
4. Khomiakov. Compositions. t.II, M., 1900.
5. SS Horuzhy. Orthodox ascetic anthropology and the crisis of modern man. In Sat "The Orthodox doctrine of man s." AM-Kleen, 2004.
6. Konstantin Leontiev - our contemporary. SPb., 1993.
7. LM Lopatin. Axioms of philosophy. M., 1996.
8. Berdyaev. On appointment rights. M., 1993.
9. VI diffidently. The Science of Man. Kazan, 1905, Volume 1.
10. Met. Anthony (Khrapovitsky). New experience teaching on the knowledge of God. SPb., 2002.
11. The Orthodox doctrine of the man. Sat MA - Klin, 2004.
12. SS Horuzhy. Essays sinergiynoy anthropology. M., 2005.
13. BG Dvernitsky. Metaphysics of the person. SPb., 2009.
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