conversation with the doctor of historical sciences Shokhrat Hodzhakovichem Kadyrov of the second edition of the Bibliography
"Turkmenistan: 2003-2007, . "
Turkmenistan Project Central Eurasia Project Open Society Institute 400 West 59th Street New York, NY 10019 USA.
http://www.eurasianet.org/turkmenistan.project/index.php?page=main&lang=rus
VA: Work will predsatvlena site, "the Turkmen project in January 2008 What is the second edition of your" Bibliography. "
O.: review is a continuation of the retrospective monitoring of publications in the framework of the Turkmen Project of the Soros Foundation (see website Turkmen project "first edition" An annotated list of books and articles for Turkmenistan, "Bergen-Moscow, 2004). As before, this second issue of e-Bibliography ( unlike conventional GOST 7.1-84 - Bibliographic description documents. General requirements and rules ») is not just a list, but also exclusive descriptions (abstracts, summaries, reviews, mini-review) Publications of Turkmenistan (idea head of the Turkmenistan Project OSI "Erica Daley), published in the period 2003-2007.
Q: What determines the time period selected for the Survey of literature?
O.: This short period of time, deserves special attention. It covers the life of the country at the turn: on the eve of the death of Turkmenbashi (2003 - December 2006). And the year after his sudden, mysterious death (from 21 December 2006 to end November 2007).
During this time came more publications about Turkmenistan, of which 220 (newspaper and magazine essays, scholarly articles, original electronic publications, anthologies, textbooks, reference books and monographs) are included in this release.
VA: What else is different the second edition of the first?
A: Compared with the first release (811 annotations) is 3,8 times less, however, in the first issue we covered the period up to 20 times longer. In fact, number of publications about Turkmenistan dynamic growth, the country becomes more and more open. If the first issue, on average, each year had no more than 10 annotated publications, in the second - five times as much (more than 40 abstracts). More representative of this release looks and quality. For the first time used not only by the method of extended abstracts, and reviews, critical reviews, mini-reviews. Therefore, if the first issue of each page bibliography accounted for 4 annotations (general listazh first release more than 190 sec.), then the second, resulting in a mini-reviews, - an average of slightly more than 2 abstracts on one page (Total listazh second edition with more than 160.).
VA: Tell us about the structure of the review.
A: As before, but now more proportionate, publications separated by branches of knowledge: Politics, Politics, Economy, Economy, History, medieval studies, Archaeology, Sociology, Society (new section), Legal Instruments- (New section), Human Rights (dissidents, opposition), etc. Inside the publications section are arranged in chronological order: from the publications issued earlier, to the latest publications. Division publications on subjects probation. Among the published work there are multidisciplinary, the synthetic (for example, collective monographs, reports year-end, etc.) that are difficult to "prescribe" only one address. Such works may be mentioned in the list again in other sections of the Bibliography, with an emphasis on information relevant to these topics.
number of publications in some sections is not great. Because of publication for "recent history" placed under "Politics." In addition, a list of publications on the topic "Education" is included in the section "The Company", also because education not only broadens the mind of man, but changed his status in the society section "Ethnography" is combined with the theme of "Culture", also because cultural genesis form nations. The theme of "opposition" that deserves to be in the "Politics", in the absence of real opposition parties, as in Turkmenistan, and in exile, were registered in the chapter "Human Rights", along with the theme of "dissidents."
VA: What aspects are reflected in the description of the publications?
A: Description publication includes the following key features (words, concepts) to quickly find the publication on Internet search engines:
genre - Journalism, summary, essay, essays, debate, art, books, monographs, reports, etc.;
topic - Constitution, authoritarianism, ideology, upgrading, promotion, diplomacy, carpets, export, cooperation, energy, etc.
publication title - time and place of publication, edition statement.
content (objective, tasks, issues) the author's conclusions published.
information about the author (s) - Position, position, experience on the topic,
In special cases, given literature and sources used authors (see, for example, T. Allaniyazov), and through the block "Notes" (the author-composer), sharpens the reader's attention on particular aspects of the publication.
VA: How is the problem of coverage of the latest publications?
A: especially the latter, in 2007 lies in the fact that he presented, does not books and articles, reviews, essays, essays, etc. Some manuscripts of books, monographs and collections are in print shops, and being dated 2007, will available for annotating in 2008. For the same reason, we again went back to the period of 2003, although this year has already been covered in the first issue. Moreover, in the second the Bibliography included a section "New old editions. It includes summaries of some papers published before 2003 are not reflected in the first issue of the bibliography. In the future, a way out of the chronological framework will become a tradition to make a panorama published fuller and wider, to include, albeit belatedly, not previously recorded and inaccessible to annotate (limited edition, and then-house) the publication of Turkmenistan, still ostayushimsya one of the most closed countries in the world.
Not all represented in the survey equivalent. Therefore, the annotations are not the same volume: from simple summaries to review the notes on disputed facts and interpretations. In parallel, we used the method comments of links to thematically related abstracts from the bibliography up to 2003. Some assistance readers in the electronic search of the required subjects will have a "Index of names," the authors of publications, as well as the names mentioned in their publications, as reflected in the content of annotations.
VA: Tell us about the main themes of the publications of Turkmenistan in recent years.
A: The results of this work showed that the main issues of publications reporting period were:
in the economy - whether there is oil and gas resources for long-term multi-vector policies of its exports;
in politics - whether it is possible the actual liberalization of Turkmenistan;
in ideology - ethnocentrism, self-sufficiency - with one hand and polyethnicity ethnogenesis - the other;
in history - the question of what to be the book "History of Turkmenistan" and whether it is necessary at all;
in sociology - disputes about the tradition and modernization, as well as studying the standard of living.
VA: Are there differences in the Turkmen and non-Turkmen publications?
A: Publications of the Turkmen The author points out a clear and conspicuous even zashorennostyu established authorities. By genre they dominate popular essays, essays, research messages, field reports, guidebooks, sketches, not scholarly articles and monographs. Some of them are promoting the idea of \u200b\u200budrevleniya ethnic history of Turkmen, in others - the authors emphasize the profound traditions of authoritarianism and its role in the integration of the nation, rallying and the invincibility of the Turkomans. Third - the authors of zealous in demonstrating the origins of cultural identity, ethnic exclusivity and sufficiency of the nation, its ability to isolated self-development. Fourth - individual scientists everywhere mereschatsya descendants or ancestors of the modern Turkmen of Turkmenistan. They see them in the inhabitants of Neolithic and Bronze Age a mystical figure Oguzkhan in the Parthians, the Aryans, the ancient Turks, Huns, Oguz, Kipchaks Pechenegs, Bulgarians, Czechs, Kievans in Seljuk, Ghaznavid, Safavi, etc. Yes, the Turkmen-Oghuz, as a repressive force, participated in the establishment of despotic 70 states, but being outside of Turkmenistan by the barbarians, they eventually faded and almost disappeared into another level of development of the cultural environment, and if sohravniv etnikon "Turkmens", is most often nominal.
outside Turkmenistan, all Turkmen authors already accustomed to write in the specified "top" schemes, or invent their influence "theories" and also boast the role of the Turkomans in the formation of allegedly the world's civilizations, published more modest. A striking positive exception in this series was a monograph known in Turkmenistan and abroad archaeologist Hemra Yusupovich Yusupova (Moscow, 1997), which was first done, worthy of praise, a serious attempt create your own version of the first volume of the notorious "history of Turkmenistan with drevneyschih times until the Arab conquest." Etnikon Turkmens correctly hardly mentioned, although all the time, the author writes about Turkmenistan. Attempts to identify the modern Turkomans with ancient Aryans directly called dangerous a game of racial superiority, addicted to the beautification of the authors of their own ethnic genealogies. Moreover, in the pages of his book Scientists emphasize that the writing of history at the official request is more likely to disengagement from the truth than approaching it (see "New old editions). It is significant that the most interesting work was published not in Turkmenistan but in a commercial publishing house in Moscow. The book has earned recognition in high academic circles outside of Turkmenistan, it is - analog doctoral dissertation, successfully defended a veteran of the Turkmen Archaeology H. Yusupov. True, beware dissatisfaction with the authorities the author nevertheless bowed to the authority, published on the front page of his purely scientific book of Niyazov's portrait with the nationalist quote from his writings.
Research scientists work-neturkmenov issued outside of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan, especially recently, have nothing in common with the mythologizing history of Turkmen. A key place in them is the idea of \u200b\u200bmultilinear ethnogenesis (see, for example, the Bibliography of work: V. Pilipko, V. Masson, V. Sarianidi, N. Oak). Viktor Ivanovich Sarianidi, at the opening of which is often cited as proof of Turkmen scientists alleged invention Turkmens the world's first wheel and the domestication of the world's first horse, openly admits that his discoveries directly related to the ethnogenesis "of modern Aborigines" Territory do not have (more information - see "History"). The so-called aboriginal civilization of Turkmenistan was established vynuzhennymi aliens from the Middle East as a result of global xerothermic crisis (drought, cold) on the eve of the Neolithic Revolution.
theme of ethnocentrism and self finds continued to study the phenomenon of modernization of traditional societies. Thus, T. Allaniyazov in a monograph on "basmachestve" explains that the uprising Turkomans 1931 was caused by the protests against the force of modernization "of traditional society. But what is a "force upgrade" it does not substitute for the old definition "Breaking the old social structure." Such a modernization of non-violent does not happen. If we talk about modernizing the cultural, in the monograph of Polish the authors of "Turkmenistan", as shown in our bibliography, it is concluded that the Turkmens against any modernization in violation of tradition. The paper of the Czech Author C. Gorak notes that Turkmens consider the fight with "bad habits (such as tribalism) through the prism of their control
traditional methods »(
read - the tribal hegemony." On this, see: S. Kadyrov. "institution of the presidency in the clan post-Soviet society" - the first issue of the bibliography site Turkmen project "-" Annotated bibliography) and in more detail and thorough in the Bibliography theme of tribal hegemony represented in the monograph: Kadyrov Sh. "Nation" tribes. MA, Center for Civilization and Regional Studies, 2003 Ed.).
In the section "Economy" quantitatively dominated publications on energy resources. However, in qualitative terms, the lead study of the agricultural sector due to the first detailed monograph Stanchina and C. Lerman about the results of the agrarian reform in post-Soviet Turkmenistan, published in Russian in Jerusalem (Israel).
In the area of \u200b\u200benergy similar studies yet, but there is reason to believe that it is, as a result of the rapid growth of small-genre material period 2003-2007. will appear shortly. Among the many, only sketches of publications on oil and gas, Turkmenistan, we encourage you to pay attention to the professionally built Review Oleg Lukin, in which, for the first time provides detailed information on actual and projected gas reserves in the country, as well as an article of O. Atabaeva similar data on the hydrocarbon resources of Turkmenistan. In this case, given by scientists and experts figure substantially lower than official data Turkmen government. Suffice it to say that Niyazov said about 6 billion tons of oil, and a leading expert of the Ministry of Economy and Finance of Turkmenistan O. Atabayev indicates that even the level theoretically recoverable oil reserves in Turkmenistan is only 400 million tons.
series of recent publications of information-analytical journal of the Ministry of Economy and Finance of Turkmenistan Altyn assyryn ykdysadyeti "(" Golden Age of Business ") is essentially complements of the difference between what is advertised Turkmen media and results of departmental research Turkmen scientists, directly indicating the crisis in agriculture and industry (see article Taganova D. M. Melyaevoy, I. Stanchina, L. Gudzhalovoy, etc.).
the study of social groups, dissent, attitude to people power and critical part of the intelligentsia are shown in "Society-Sociology" and "Human Rights". In the first, is dominated by sociological studies of public opinion carried out before the death of Turkmenbashi (!). In the section "Human Rights" shows published in 2003 in the landmark work of the famous Turkmen political figure under
pseudonym Vladimir Ryblov - Turkmen tragedy. " It explored the roots and evolution of the regime of Turkmenbashi, the sad role in the development of authoritarianism in Turkmenistan, the national intellectuals. And in 2006, saw the light of another book - a prominent Turkmen opposition figure A. Kuliev (1936-2007 gg.) - "Two years in government and 13 years in opposition."
In Unlike the book by Vladimir Ryblova, memoirs are the product of Abda Ovezkulievicha Kuliev devoted to the stages and vicissitudes of his work in the government of SA Niyazov and activities of the Turkmen opposition in Moscow. We note, incidentally, that the book was published by W. Ryblova fund "Turkmenistan", the founder and director was A. Kuliev. Site A. Kuliev
http://www.erkin.ru/ readers can read the electronic version of the book A. Kuliev, entitled "I will tell you ...», which differs somewhat from the original content. Trying to Comment about certain passages of the book is done on site "Payhas (see
http://www.turkmeny.blogspot.com/ - "The Catcher in the lie").
Finally, in the same category the reader will find a summary in an electronic manuscript Roman Solovyev "The Wall" (the real name of the author, as indicated on the website Turmenskoy spark "- Shirobokov Alexander Gerasimov, a former colonel Interior of Turkmenistan, which, indeed, as we know, worked the police of Turkmenistan and even engaged in reprisals against dissidents). Historical-fiction built on real facts and events. However, the presentation is on behalf of the graduate Ashgabat secondary specialized (with an English slant) school number 7, got in 18 years under the wheel of a police machines and to share the fate of tens of thousands of their peers, slandered the investigating authorities. This combination of fiction and real facts, as we does not appear by accident. Rather, in the hands of the author, on duty, were the diaries of prisoners of Turkmenistan, withdrawn at regular searches in prisons and labor camps ("Shemona). The manuscript first appeared in the Turkmen site Turkmen Spark "on Nov. 7, 2007 citing personal page site "narod.ru» -
www.stena-book.narod.ru/book.html .
book exhibited pieces, and we do not know from which year the author began publishing on the Internet. Judging from the two figures at the beginning book (the arrest of the hero of the book May 27, 1999, and 1926 days of imprisonment) Roman Solovyev was imprisoned for more than 5 years. This is also confirmed by two dates at the end of the book (1999-2005 gg.). However, recent events covered in the book (the arrests of the KNB M. Nazarov and cleaning in the leadership of the KGB), it is clear that the "hero" fell under an amnesty and released from a "Bitch Zone (Akdash camp, 30 km from Krasnovodsk-Turkmenbashi) in December 2002, thus, the book describes during 1999-2002 was more about the advantages and inconsistencies in the book mentioned in our annotations.
VA: review sources on the history and current status Turkmenistan would be incomplete, if not a non-electronic media.
A: The number in 2003 increased by almost 4-fold. Predominantly dissident and human rights, these sites - an important tool of public policy and public affirmation of cells in civil society Turkomans. We show some of their features in chronological order.
the initial segment (2001-2004 gg.) In the dynamics of non-governmental sites predominant sites of the former nomenklatura workers. Later (2003-2007 gg.) There has been a roll to an increase in human rights and dissident websites. In general, in 2003-2007 Turkmenistan's emigration the breakthrough information blockade created around the Government of Turkmenistan Turkmenbashi. Now it all depends on how the promises will be the new president of Turkmenistan - a broad and free access of citizens to the Internet. While this extension and free access is accompanied by increased monitoring of Internet users in Turkmenistan by Turkmen leadership related to local and external operators (providers).
Since February 2003, in addition to open in late 2001 and the first half of 2002, sites of former Deputy Prime Minister Boris Orazovich Shikhmuradov, Litvinenko Avdy Kuliev (respectively: "Gundogar" - see
http://www.gundogar.com/ , and Erkin Turkmenistan - see
http://www.erkin.net/ ), and also the site of the former Deputy Minister of Agriculture of Turkmenistan Sapar Bahshievicha Yklymov (see www.dogryyol.org), began to work mainly in Russian and Turkmen and English languages \u200b\u200bsite oppositional regime in Turkmenistan, Socio-Political Movement "Watan", led by former deputy prime minister, political emigrant Khudaiberdy Artykovichem Orazov (see
http://www.watan.ru/ ). In 2004 he founded the site of the Republican Party under the leadership of Litvinenko and the former Ambassador of Turkmenistan to Turkey and Israel Nurmuhammed Charyevicha Khanamov. (See
http://www.tmrepublican.org/ ).
Except for the site, who died in April 2007 Abda Ovezkulievicha Guliyev, the above opposition Web pages are updated. In terms of content, from human rights and dissident sites they are distinguished by a greater tendency to reproduce various analytical articles about Turkmenistan from the electronic analogues of the central Russian mass media, lack of desire for the publication of its own production, virtually little working relationship with the correspondents in Turkmenistan. The main purpose of the site - the publication of policy papers virtual parties and movements and statements of party leaders, their speeches at seminars and conferences. General political agendas for all sites of opposition - Problem converting Turkmenistan from the presidential to the parliamentary (with A. Kuliev - presidential and the Parliamentary) republic, not counting, of course, the statements that Turkmenistan is a democratic state. With common goals, all the party sites operate independently, without coordinating center and not trying to create itself.
first place in activity among the "party" sites, founded by former Deputy Prime Minister S. Niyazov, has A Web page's son Boris Shikhmuradov - Bayram Borisovich Shikhmuradov "Gundogar" (in Russian and English). By the way, only on this website the reader can read the archive of representative central Russian newspapers of Turkmenistan - "Neutral Turkmenistan". In this regard, we note that we do not mention on the official website of Turkmenistan for the simple reason that, as a rule, they all overlap with the publication of "Neutral Turkmenistan". Least active and representative of the archives is mentioned above, the electronic publisher (website), M. Ch Khanamov.
Site Turkmen Helsinki Foundation (THF) - Printed body of non-governmental organization, founded July 21, 2003. The publication is registered in Varna (Bulgaria). Its supervision political exile, Ph.D. in Economics Tajigul Begmedova (wife of Litvinenko, a former banker in the government of Niyazov - Annadurdy Hodzhieva). The site provides monitor human rights violations in Turkmenistan. The materials are published in Russian, Turkmen and English. It reports and international reviews and archives are various legislative international acts. The site has a volunteer correspondent in Turkmenistan (see
http://www.tmhelsinki.org.ru/ ).
Since the end of December 2005 received a second life to the oldest Turkmen site "Turkmenistan: the Historical Dictionary" under the new name "Payhas (Mining Club co-operation, based in Ashgabat, the Turkmen dissidents April 4, 1991) The site has declared itself as an illustrated supplement to the site "Turkmenistan: a historical Dictionary "(see
http://www.turkmeny.h1.ru/ , the number of visits over 100 thousand). Over the past period on the new version of the site published more than 600 original materials, articles, notes, drawings, documents, photos, reviews, etc. on the history, politics and ethnology of Turkmenistan. If publications used the Russian language. Feature of the site is an open forum and a library of photocopies of rare books about Turkmenistan. There's also published a complete electronic version (with new additions) published in 2001, the Historical Dictionary, the book "The Ashgabat disaster" (1991), "Turkmenistan: 4 years with no Soviet Union" (1995), collections of archival documents, collections ever previously unpublished photographs from the life of the Soviet Turkmen collected ethnological expeditions to and from the home archives of Turkmenistan (see
http://www.turkmeny.blogspot.com/ ).
In January 2006, the family of independent newspapers of Turkmenistan added to the site, "the Supreme Council of Turkmenistan" Its founder - a former member of the Supreme Board TSSR-Turkmen political refugee, now a Swedish citizen Khalmuradov Soyinov. Materials in Russian, and partially Turkmen languages. The website reader find a representative collection of various laws and other acts of the Turkmen government after the dissolution of the USSR, the constitutions of Turkmenistan 1925 Experiments legislative political exiles. The site is no news ticker, almost no analytical articles. Updated regularly, on average 1-2 times a month. (See
http://www.parliament-tm.org/ ).
Site "Chronicles of Turkmenistan" appeared in 2006 and is the press organ of an independent, non-partisan public organization of the Turkmen Initiative for Human Rights (TIHR). The publication is registered in Austria (Vienna). The site publishes exclusive materials about Turkmenistan human rights violations, the situation of national minorities. The site has a correspondent in Turkmenistan. For a short time editing the site could generate solid, filled with concrete facts and plots, thematic archival blocks: the use of child labor in hlopokovodstve, drug addiction, the situation Uzbek population in the northern and eastern Turkmenistan, the problems of education, etc. These themes are constantly replenished with new material. Supervises the work of Site-known human rights activist and Turkmenistan Farid Tuhbatulin. The materials are published in Russian and English languages \u200b\u200b(see
http://www.khronj-tm.org/ ).
spring 2006 was opened and still active in another Russian site Turkmen exiles living in Moscow, under the name "Turkmen Spark (the title the central Russian-language newspaper of the Soviet Turkmenistan, an organ of the Communist Party of Turkmenistan). This website provides a variety of materials, mainly - It is the experience of Turkmenistan in the field of writing articles and essays of political science nature (see
http://www.tm-iskra.org/ ). Despite the fact that this is one of the youngest Sites of Turkmenistan, only the first six months of his work he received 23 thousand visits.
addition Turkmen governmental electronic publications, the period were opened two electronic information center of the European institutions. In 2004-2005, under a special project of the British Embassy Turkmenistan was established site "Culture of Turkmenistan", dedicated musicians, jewelers, artists, poets, artists, contemporary Turkmenistan. In creating a site directly involved artists Sapar Durdiyev, Allamuratov Muhammad and Natalia Dzhumamuradova. In addition to the copyright catalog work of subject-themed sites. The site shows the concise biographies of artists and entertainers (60 reports), you can listen to traditional Turkmen and classical music. A special button "Bill" says tour Turkmen artists, exhibitions outside of Turkmenistan (see
http://www.turkmen.co.uk/ ).
In 2005 he began working site OSCE Centre in Ashgabat, the mission of which is based in Turkmenistan since 1998. Site, as well as the mission itself the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, aims to include Turkmenistan in the orbit of Western values \u200b\u200b(military, cultural, economic, humanitarian and human rights). On English. Much attention is given to the reader is familiar with the objectives of the OSCE, the brief reports of kurcah and OSCE seminars on human rights and environmental protection, etc. (see
www.osce.org/ashgabad/ ).
Babaev Hezret Kurbanovich (a former colonel in the Interior Ministry, the prisoner)
Babakhanov Batir (Ashgabat investigator)
Badescu Paraska (diplomat)
Bazarov G.
Baylieva Victoria (Turkmen journalist)
Bayram Ashirkulov (freelance journalist)
Bayrieva Adzhap (art critic and ethnographer)
Baikhanov Mohammed
Ballyev Kakamurad (journalist, prisoner)
Barracks Baygeldy (employee of the colony)
Barthold Vladimir (large orientalist)
Boucher, Richard (American politician)
Bakhit Sergei Fedorovich (Ashgabat investigator)
Begjanov H.
Begendzhov Gurban
Begmedov Sazak (prisoner)
Bekenov Gurley (prisoner)
Bekmurad N.
Berdyev (Ashgabat investigator)
Berdyev Batir (Minister, conclusions)
Berdyev Kakadzhan (KGB)
Berdyev Berdyevich Tahir (Director of the oil company, signed)
Berdimuhamedov K. (president of Turkmenistan)
Berezkin. Yuri (Famous Russian archaeologist)
Bill Johann (artist)
Bodio Tadeusz (Polish scholar)
Cooper (Vice-Minister of Interior)
Bordzhakov A. (finance minister)
Borisova Ekaterina (columnist)
Bukinich DD (Scientist)
Boorowa I.
Burkhanov Albert (Tatar archaeologist)
Bykhovskii VA (Seismologist)
Byalkin Anatoly (Ashgabat journalist)
Byashimov (Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs)
Galaev R. (Rector)
Galaktionov Stepan
Galustyan Valery Varshakovich (Ashgabat Investigator)
Gapurov Mukhammetnazar (Secretary of the CPT)
Garabayev Murat (prisoner)
Garajayev Gochmurad (prisoner)
Garadzhaoglan (writer)
Garayev Khoshali (prisoner)
Gafarov Sergei ("Grey" - the Turkmen "kingpin»)
Gafurov Balkans (journalist)
Gdlyan Felix (State Duma deputy, deputy of the Supreme Soviet, the investigator of the USSR)
Geldyev Byashim-aga (prisoner)
Geldykurbanov (Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs)
Geldymuradov B. (Supreme Council TSSR)
Glazunov, DA
Glinka, VN
Glinson Gregory (A prominent expert)
Godin (prominent scientist)
Golembevski B. (Polish scholar)
Slavomir Horak (scientist)
Mikhail Gorbachev (Soviet leader)
Grishin (Interior Minister)
Grozin Andrey (Moscow-based expert)
Grunina Elvira
Lips M. (Minister)
Gudzhalova Ludmila (oldest statorganov Turkmenistan)
Gulamhuseynzade G.
Gulov Gurbanmyrat
Gulyamov J.
Samad Huseynov (prisoner)
Gundogdyev Ovez (historian era Turkmenbashi)
Gurban D.
Gurbangeldyev J.
Gylychdurdyev H.
Egorov E.
Ermolov, NM
Ershov Nicholas (prisoner)
Ershov Slavik (prisoner)
Ershov SA
Larionov E. (geologist)
Latyhina
Lawrence K. Thomas
Leconte O.
Lerman C. (Israeli scholar)
Livshits VA (A famous Russian historian)
Lipponis K. (famous Greek historian)
Lisicina N. (famous historian)
Logasheva Jeanne B. (Bibi Rabiga)
Loskutina Olga (Turkmen lawyer)
Oleg Lukin (Turkmen journalist)
Lyapin A.
M
monotherapy Abdel Kerim (Afghan community leader, an emigrant)
Igor Makarov (a major Russian businessman)
Malashenko Alexey (Moscow-based expert)
Mamaev (Judge Supreme Court of Turkmenistan))
Mamedov Mamedov
Vyacheslav (known human rights activist, an emigrant)
Mamedov Mamedov, G. Sh
Murad Mammadov (prisoner)
Mametdzhanova Mive
Mametgeldyev (Defence Minister)
Marushchenko Alexander (known Turkmen archaeologist)
Masoych
M. Masson, EM (Ph.D., Archaeology)
Masharipov Mansour
Mashrykov Kerim Kerimovich (known Turkmen scientist, geologist)
Machico Tuvak (prisoner)
Medvedev
Medkov Victor M. (A famous Russian demographer)
Melikov George (known historian and ethnographer)
Melkumov Jacob ("Red Commander»)
Melyaeva M.
Grinding Misha (warden in Tejen)
Manly A. (Turkmen prosecutor)
Meredov Isley
Meredov Rashid (Minister FOREIGN Affairs of Turkmenistan)
Metzler D.
Alexei Mitrofanov (Russian MP, a politician)
Language Society Atamurad
Language Society Merdan
Pierre Morel (politician)
Muradov Arslan (prisoner)
Muradov Serdar
Muratov, Alexander
Murzaevy (known geographers)
Musaev (Turkmen lawyer)
Musaev Ondzhik (Ph.D., an ideologist of Turkmenbashi)
Mukhammedov Batir (prisoner, emigrant)
Muhammedova Zuleikha Bakievna (Ph.D., Turkmen linguist)
Muhammetberdyev Kakadzhan (known Turkmen historian)
Myratgulyev A.
Ovezberdyev S.
Ovezov (Turkmen judge)
Ovezov Jumadurdy
Odaev Osman (Turkmen journalist)
Odek Odek (Ph.D., Turkmen geologists)
Odzharov (former Deputy Interior Minister)
Orazgeldiyev B.
Orazklychev J.
Orazmyradov
Orazmukhammed Goryagdy (prisoner)
Orazov Eid (Turkmen lawyer)
Orazov M.
Orazov Khudaiberdy (former minister, emigrant)
Orazymbetov
otuz BS (Former Deputy Minister)
Ohunov Nura (prisoner)
Rakhimov A.
Serdar Rakhimov (former Secretary of the CPT, the prisoner)
Akmurad Rejepov (former general, a prisoner)
Roses Torah (prisoner)
Larissa Ruban (economist)
Rybin Valentin (Turkmen writer)
Ryblov Vladimir (a pseudonym)
Ryazanov Ryazanov SV
C
Faizullaev D. (economist)
Anatoly Fomin (immigrant, human rights activist)
Mikhail Fradkov (former prime minister of Russia)
L. Friedman (Russian scientist)
X
Yagmyrov K.
Yazberdiev Diamond Berdievich (librarian)
Yazlyev Enchantment (historian, rector)
Yazydzhi oglu Ali
Ian V. (Russian writer)
Yarov G.
Foreign authors
hours for the site 
